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1. °¡Á·Áö¿ø(family support)ÀÇ °³³ä
°¡Á·Áö¿øÀº Á¤º¸¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇϱâºÎÅÍ ÀϽÃÀû Ź¾Æ ¸¶·Ã Áö¿ø¿¡ À̸£´Â, ±×¸®°í Çൿ ±â¹ýÀÇ ÈƷÿ¡¼ºÎÅÍ Á¤¼Àû Áö¿ø°ú »ó´ã¿¡ À̸£´Â, ±×¸®°í °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹Ì·¡°èȹ¿¡¼ ¿ËÈ£¿¡ À̸£´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ È°µ¿À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(Barber et al, 1988; Powell, Hecimovic, & Chirstensen, 1992).
Barber, P. A., Turnbull, A. P., Behr, S. K., & Kerns, G. M.(1988). A family systems perspective on early childhood special education. In S. L., Odom & M. B. Karnes(Eds.), Early intervention for infants and children with handicaps: an empirical base(pp. 179-198). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
Powell, T. H., Hecimovic, A., & Christensen, L.(1992). Meeting the unique needs of families. In D. E. Berkell(Ed.), Autism: Identification, education and treatment(187-224). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
2. °¡Á·Áö¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥(family support programs)ÀÇ °³³ä
°¡Á·Áö¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº Dunst(1990)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¡°°³Àκ° ¹× °¡Á·ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» °ÈÇÏ°í, °³Àκ° °¡Á· ±¸¼º¿ø°ú °¡Á· ÀüüÀÇ ¼ºÀå°ú ¹ß´ÞÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î °¡Á·µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¿ø°ú Áö¿øÀÇ È帧À» ÃËÁøÇϱâ À§ÇØ °í¾ÈµÈ ³ë·Â¡±À̶ó°í Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç(p.1), Weissbourd¿Í Kagan(1989)¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¡°°¡Á·Áö¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ºÎ¸ð, ¾çÀ°ÀÚ, ±×¸®°í Á¦°øÀڷνáÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ¼ºÀÎÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» °ÈÇÏ°í ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ¼ºñ½º¸¦ °¡Á·µé¿¡°Ô Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °Í¡±ÀÌ´Ù(p. 21). ÇÏ°í Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Dunst, C.J.(1990). Family support principles: Checklists for program builders and practitioners. Family Systems Intervention Monograph, 2, No 5. Morganton, NC: Family, Infant and Preschool Program, Western Carolina Center.
Weissbourd, B., & Kagan, S.L.(1989). Family support programs: Catalyst for change. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 20-31.
3. °¡Á·Áö¿øÀÇ À¯Çü
°¡Á·Áö¿øÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â Áö¿øÀÇ À¯ÇüÀº (1) Á¤¼Àû Áö¿ø, (2) µµ±¸Àû Áö¿ø, (3) Á¤º¸Áö¿øÀ¸·Î ±â¼úµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(Pearson, 1986). (1) Á¤¼Àû Áö¿øÀº ÀÚ³à ¾çÀ°ÀÇ ¾î·Á¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ, °ø°¨, °Ý·Á¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (2) µµ±¸Àû Áö¿øÀº ºÎ¸ð·Î¼ ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀϵéÀÇ ¾çÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°´Â ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ µµ¿òÀ» ¸»Çϸç, (3) Á¤º¸Áö¿øÀº ÀÚ³à ¾çÀ°À̳ª ¾çÀ° Çൿ¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¶¾ð°ú Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Crockenberg, 1988).
Crockenberg, S. B.(1988). Social support and parenting In Fitzgerald, H., Lester, B., & Yogman, M.(Eds.), Theory and Research in Behavioral Pediatrics. NY: Plenum.
Pearson, J. E.(1986). The definition and measurement of social support. Journal of Counseling and Development. 64, 390-395.
4. °¡Á·Áö¿øÀÇ ¿ø¸®
Dunst(1990)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °¡Á·Áö¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¿ø¸®´Â 6 °¡Áö ÁÖ¿ä ¿ø¸® Áï, (1) °øµ¿Ã¼ ÀǽÄÀÇ °È, (2) ÀÚ¿ø°ú Áö¿øÀÇ µ¿¿ø, (3) Ã¥ÀÓÀÇ °øÀ¯ ¹× Çù·Â, (4) °¡Á·ÀÇ ÅëÇÕ º¸Àå, (5) °¡Á·ÀÇ ±â´É °È, (6) ¼øÇâÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ ¼ºñ½ºÀÇ ½ÇõÀ¸·Î Á¶Á÷µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀº °¡Á·Áö¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À̳ª ½Çõ ȤÀº Á÷¿øÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ°ú Ã¥¹«¼º µîÀÌ °¡Á·ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ°í °ÈÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ½ÃÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ ü°è¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
Dunst, C.J.(1990). Family support principles: Checklists for program builders and practitioners. Family Systems Intervention Monograph, 2, No 5. Morganton, NC: Family, Infant and Preschool Program, Western Carolina Center.
1) °øµ¿Ã¼ ÀǽÄÀÇ °È
°¡Á·Áö¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº °·ÂÇÑ Áö¿ª»çȸ¿¡´Â ±¸¼º¿øµé °£¿¡ »óÈ£ È£Çý¼º°ú »óÈ£ Áö¿ø¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µé °£ÀÇ °·ÂÇÑ »óÈ£ÀÇÁ¸¼ºÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °øµ¿Ã¼ ÀǽÄÀÇ °È¸¦ ¸ñÇ¥·Î ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù(Moroney, 1987). °·ÂÇÑ Áö¿ª»çȸ´Â ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â Áö¿ø°ú ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´É¼ºÀ» Áõ´ë½ÃÅ°¸ç, °¡Á·°ú ±× ±¸¼º¿øµéÀ» À§ÇØ Áö¿ª»çȸ ȯ°æÀ» dz¿ä·Ó°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÁßÀç´Â Áö¿ª»çȸ ±¸¼º¿ø°ú °¡Á· ´ÜÀ§°£ÀÇ »óÈ£ ÀÇÁ¸¼ºÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °øÅëµÈ ¿ä±¸¿Í Áö¿øÀ» °Á¶ÇÏ°í, ÁßÀçÀÇ ½ÇõÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ °øÅ뼺¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Moroney, R.M.(1987). Social support systems: Families and social policy. In S.L. Kagan, D. Powell, B. Weissbourd, & E. Zigler(Eds.), America's family support programs(pp. l21-37). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2) ÀÚ¿ø°ú Áö¿øÀÇ µ¿¿ø
ÀÌ ¿ø¸®´Â °¡Á·µé¿¡°Ô »çȸÀû Áö¿ø¸ÁÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ°í µ¿¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á °¡Á·µéÀÌ °¡Á·ÀÇ ±â´É, ƯÈ÷ ¾çÀ°ÀÇ Ã¥¹«¼ºÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ½Ã°£, ¿¡³ÊÁö, Áö½Ä ¹× ±â¼úÀ» °®µµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Dunst & Trivette, 1994).
ÀÌ ¿ø¸®´Â ºñ°ø½ÄÀû Áö¿ø¸ÁÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ°í °ÈÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í À¶Å뼺ÀÖ°í, °³º°ÈµÇ°í, °¡Á·ÀÇ º¯ÈÇÏ´Â ¿ä±¸¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¿ø°ú Áö¿øÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Á·ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû »çȸ Áö¿ø¸Á ³»¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ¸¹Àº ÀÚ¿øÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ÀνÄÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Áö¿ª»çȸ Áö¿øÀÇ µ¿¿ø ¹× ÀÌ¿ëÀÌ ¸ðµç ȤÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °¡Á· ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ¿øõÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸ðµç Àü¹®°¡¿Í °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ ¼ºñ½º ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇÁ¸ °¡´É¼ºÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃŲ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù(Dunst & Trivette, 1994). µû¶ó¼ ÁßÀç´Â Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ Áö¿øü°è¿¡¸¸ ÀÇÁ¸Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â °¡Á·À» À§ÇÑ ºñ°ø½ÄÀû Áö¿ø¸ÁÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ°í °ÈÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Dunst, C.J., Trivette, C.M., & Deal, A.G.(1994). Resource-Based Family-Centered Intervention Practices. In C.J. Dunst, C.M. Trivette, & A.G. Deal(Eds.), Supporting and strengthening families. Volume 1: Methods, strategies and practices(pp. 141-151). Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.
3) Ã¥ÀÓÀÇ °øÀ¯ ¹× Çù·Â
ÀÌ ¿ø¸®´Â ÀÚ¿ø µ¿¿ø ¹× Áö¿ª»çȸ ±¸ÃàÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âÁ¦·Î½á µ¿¹ÝÀÚ Àǽİú Çù·ÂÀ» ÃËÁøÇϸç, °¡Á·°ú °¡Á·Áö¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ Á÷¿ø°£¿¡ »ý°¢, Áö½Ä ¹× ±â¼úÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ø¸®´Â Àü¹®°¡¿Í °¡Á·°£ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ º¯È¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ø¸®¸¦ À§ÇØ ÁßÀç´Â °¡Á·ÀÇ ±â´É Áö¿ø ¹× °ÈÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ±âÁ¦·Î½á ºÎ¸ð¿Í Àü¹®°¡°£ÀÇ µ¿¹ÝÀÚ °ü°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß Çϸç, °¡Á·°ú ¼ºñ½º Á¦°øÀÚ°£ÀÇ ÀÚ¿ø ¹× Áö¿ø µ¿¿øÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀº »óÈ£°£ÀÇ Á¸°æ ¹× °ü·ÃµÈ Á¤º¸¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
4) °¡Á·ÀÇ ÅëÇÕ º¸Àå
ÀÌ ¿ø¸®´Â °¡Á·ÀÇ ½Å³ä°ú °¡Ä¡¸¦ Á¸°æÇÏ°í, °¡Á·ÀÌ ¿ÜºÎ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» ħÇع޴ °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÀÚ¿ø°ú Áö¿øÀº ¸ðµç °¡Á· ±¸¼º¿øµé °£ÀÇ °ÇÀüÇÏ°í, ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °ü°è¸¦ Á¶ÀåÇÏ°í, °³¹ßÇÏ°í, À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¿ø°ú Áö¿øÀ» °¡Á·µé¿¡°Ô Á¦°øÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÁßÀç´Â °¡Á·ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû․¹®ÈÀû °¡Ä¡¿Í ½Å³äÀ» ¼ö¿ë, Á¸Áß, º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ½ÃÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù(Dunst & Trivette, 1994).
Dunst, C.J., Trivette, C.M., & Deal, A.G.(1994). Resource-Based Family-Centered Intervention Practices. In C.J. Dunst, C.M. Trivette, & A.G. Deal(Eds.), Supporting and strengthening families. Volume 1: Methods, strategies and practices(pp. 141-151). Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.
5) °¡Á·ÀÇ ±â´É °È
ÀÌ ¿ø¸®´Â °¡Á·µé¿¡°Ô ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹ß´ÞÀû °úÁ¦¿Í ±â´ÉÀ» ¼÷´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¿Í °æÇèÀ» °Á¶ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÚ¿øÀ» µ¿¿øÇÏ°í ¾çÀ°ÀÇ Ã¥¹«¼ºÀ» ¼öÇàÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °¡Á·ÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» °ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÁßÀç´Â °¡Á·ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ°í °ÈÇÏ´Â ÁÖ¿ä ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î½á °¡Á·ÀÇ ´ÜÁ¡À̳ª °áÇÔÀ» ±³Á¤Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â °¡Á·ÀÇ °Á¡¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ¾ß Çϸç, °¡Á·µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ¹Þ´Â ¼ºñ½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅëÁ¦¿Í ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤ ±ÇÇÑÀ» ÃÖ´ëÇÑ º¸Àå¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¿ø°ú Áö¿øÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
°¡Á·ÀÌ ÅëÁ¦¸¦ ÇÏ´Â À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖÀ½À» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀº Çö±Ý ȤÀº ÁöºÒº¸ÁõÀüÇ¥(voucher)ÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÀÌµé °¡Á·¿¡°Ô Á÷Á¢ ÀÚ¿øÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Bergman & Singer, 1996).
Bergman, A.I. & Singer, G.H.S.(1996). The thinking behind new public policy. In G. H. S. Singer, L. E. Powers, & A. L. Olson(Eds.), Redefining family support: Innovations in public-private partnerships(pp. 435-460). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
6) ¼øÇâÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ ¼ºñ½ºÀÇ ½Çõ
ÀÌ ¿ø¸®´Â °¡Á·ÀÚ¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¸ñÀû°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ã °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¸¹Àº Àΰ£ ¼ºñ½º ¸ðµ¨ ¹× Á¢±Ù¹æ¹ýÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ¼øÇâÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ ¼ºñ½º¸¦ ½ÇõÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¼ºñ½º Àü´Þ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº °¡Á·ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» °ÈÇϴ ü°è·Î½á óġÀû Á¢±Ù¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù´Â ¿¹¹æÀû․Á¶ÀåÀû Á¢±Ù¹æ¹ýÀ» Àû¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¹æÀû ÁßÀç´Â ¹®Á¦ ȤÀº Áúº´ÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ» ÁÙÀ̰ųª ¿¹¹æÇϸç, ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ °á°úÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇØ ºÎÁ¤Àû ±â´ÉÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. Á¶ÀåÀû ÁßÀç´Â ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ±â´ÉÀÇ ¹ß´ÞÀ» °ÈÇÏ°í ÃÖÀûÈÇϸç, ±â´É°ú ÀûÀÀÀû ´É·ÂÀ» °ÈÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀÇ ½Àµæ¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÐ´Ù(Dunst, Trivette, & Thompson, 1990).
¶ÇÇÑ ¼ºñ½º Á¦°øÀÚ Áß½É È¤Àº Àü¹®°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±ÔÁ¤µÈ ÁßÀç¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù ÀÚ¿ø Á᫐ ¹× ¼ö¿äÀÚ Áß½ÉÀÇ ÁßÀç¹æ¹ýÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¡°Áö¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÚÁÖ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °á°úÀÎ ºÎ¸ðÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» °ÈÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù(Weissbourd & Kagan, 1989). ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô Àΰ£¹ß´Þ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ýÅÂÇÐÀû, »çȸü°è °üÁ¡À» °Á¶ÇÏ´Â ÀüüÀû ÁßÀç(holistic intervention)ÀÇ Àû¿ëÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù(Bronfenbrenner, 1979).
Âü°í¹®Çå
Bronfenbrenner, U.(1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Dunst, C.J., Trivette, C.M., & Thompson, R.(1990). Supporting and strengthening family functioning: Toward a congruence between principles and practice. Prevention in Human Services, 9(1), 19-43.
Weissbourd, B., & Kagan, S.L.(1989). Family support programs: Catalyst for change. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 20-31.
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